Comparison Of Vladimir Nabokov s Lolita And Emily Bronte...

Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights both share the powerful theme of intense and obsessive love. Heathcliff, the disturbed main character in Wuthering Heights is so immensely in love with Catherine that it turns him into a monster. The main character in Lolita is inappropriately in love with a young girl that causes him to commit destructive actions. In both of these novels the authors demonstrate how something as joyful as love, can morph into an obsession, lead to insanity, and destroy a character. Throughtout Wuthering Heights, Healthcliff is destroyed by his love for Catherine Earnshaw. Heathliff never marries Catherine because they become stuck in a poisned love triangle which destroys their relationship. Catherine was married to Edgar Linton despite that her and Heathcliff were in love which immensely destroyed Heathcliff. Heathcliff asserts that â€Å"Two words would comprehend my future –death and hell: existence, after losing her, would be hell. Yet I was a fool to fancy for a moment that she valued Edgar Linton s attachment more than mine. If he loved with all the powers of his puny being, he couldn t love as much in eighty years as I could in a day.† This quote describes that Life without Catherine is not worth living for Heathcliff. The only emotion that begins to compensate for Heathcliff s loss is bitterness. Despite her unfortunate choice for a husband, Heathcliff knows that Edgar is incapable of loving her the way he does.When

The Egyptian Culture Of Egypt Cleopatra Vii - 997 Words

Egyptian cultural dates back to 5500 BCE this was a time when their culture flourished with the rise of technology and the death of the last Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt Cleopatra VII. It is worldwide know today for its amazing, breathtaking monuments Built for honoring the gods of Egyptian lands and celebrating its many great leaders. The Egyptian culture is often mistaken of having an obsession with death this is mistaken with the fact that they are a very proud people of their back ground and their gods. The acts of mummifying their people and building humungous tombs where a way to celebrate the lives of those people contrary to them being obsessed with death you could say they were obsessed with honoring the lives of the deceased. The ancient Egyptians from the low class citizens to the wealthiest of them felt a great amount of love and passion for their land they as a society believed they lived in the greatest place on the earth. This could have also been a testament to the f act that ungratefulness was considered a gateway sin that would cause greater issues to their society because they believed it created a pathway for more negative acts. Religion was a very big part in every ancient Egyptians life much like the Mesopotamians the Egyptians with great distinction considered themselves laborers with the gods. The Egyptians also believed their gods would prevent the reoccurrence of previous states of chaos and that a mortal human’s duty was to give thanks andShow MoreRelatedThere is Only One Cleopatra1039 Words   |  4 PagesAlmost every pharaoh-queen was named Cleopatra, yet only one is ever thought of, Cleopatra Thea Philopator VII, â€Å"The Goddess and Beloved of her Father†. Every moment of her life from 69 BCE until August 12, 30 BCE was a story larger than life, epic in scale, and over the top in its grandeur. As the last reigning pharaoh of the Ptolemaic Dynasty in Ancient Egypt, she is remembered for her ability to rule as a pol itical genius and a strong female leader living in a male-dominated world despite allRead MoreA Look into Cleopatra’s Early Life Influences1288 Words   |  6 Pagesby male rulers, Cleopatra VII Philopator (69 BCE – 31 BCE), the Last Pharaoh of Egypt, stood out among them all. With Egypt’s wealth at her disposal, she was â€Å"incomparably richer than anyone else† (Schiff 2). The amount of power a ruler had at the time of Cleopatra’s existence depended highly on the level of financial stability. However, wealth was not all Cleopatra was known for. She exhibited high militant leadership skills equal to that of her male counterparts to keep Egypt a prosperous countryRead MoreCleopatra ´s Life and Her Intentions 1195 Words   |  5 Pagesby male rulers, Cleopatra VII Philopator (69 BCE – 31 BCE), the Last Pharaoh of Egypt, stood out among them all. With Egypt’s wealth at her disposal, she was â€Å"incomparably richer than anyone e lse† (Schiff 2). The amount of power a ruler had at the time of Cleopatra’s existence depended highly on the level of financial stability. However, wealth was not all Cleopatra was known for. She exhibited high militant leadership skills equal to that of her male counterparts to keep Egypt a prosperous countryRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution Of Egyptian Pharaohs1607 Words   |  7 PagesEgyptian Pharaohs were at the top of the command center and in control of their kingdom. Often considered as a cross between godly and mortal, they ruled with complete authority. It was the leadership of the pharaoh that determined the success or failure of their region during their rule. To me, that makes them very significant in the progression of Egypt and the people there. A time in history that I believe was of primary importance was the Scientific Revolution. Much of what we know to be factualRead MoreRome s Greatest Victory : The Intrigue Of Cleopatra Vii1805 Words   |  8 PagesRome’s Greatest Victory: The Intrigue of Cleopatra VII As the last reigning pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, Cleopatra VII straddled Greek, Egyptian, and Roman history. During the centuries surrounding her lifetime, few women ruled their own countries, let alone with strength and competence. Cleopatra immersed herself in politics, intrigue, and military tactics. Her influence spans over two thousand years, its impression persevering into modern day. Her unfortunate defeat by the fledgling Roman EmpireRead MoreComparison Of Chinese Empress Wu Zetian And Cleopatra1772 Words   |  8 PagesZetian and Egyptian Pharaoh Cleopatra. They both ruled in many different ways, but what I found both interesting in the comparison, is that they both were unable to attain full ultimate power. Being unable to attain ultimate power caused them to result to violence and their feminine appeal to maintain their positions as powerful rulers. Women in Ancient Egypt were ahead of their time. They could not only rule their country but they also had the same human r ights as men. Women in Egypt were veryRead MoreNefertiti and Cleopatra, Famous and Powerful but Very Different2451 Words   |  10 PagesEgyptian ancient civilization was born along the Nile River and lived for more than 3,000 years. Not only famous for the pyramids at Giza staying there with dignity reminding the wonderful past, Egypt is also famous for its pharaohs. Nefertiti and Cleopatra important figures of Egypt, famous for their beauties and deeds appear remarkable in many parts of the great ancient history. Staying in front of each other these queens have so many differences but so many things in common too. Each lady hasRead MoreEssay on Forgotten Half of History: Women in Ancient Civilization1569 Words   |  7 Pagessimilar aspects, were Ancient Egypt and Ancient Rome. In these two ancient civilization, women played important roles, which contributed to the shaping of society. In Ancient Rome, there were many women who lived different lives. These consisted of the women who married ordinary men and there were those women who were related to royal people or married wealthy aristocrats with a lot of power. In Ancient Rome, women shared a lot of the same ways of living as Egyptian women but there ways were a bitRead MoreThe Ancient Egyptian Pyramids : The Seven Wonders Of The World1206 Words   |  5 PagesThe Egyptian Pyramids The seven wonders of the world: the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Colossus of Rhodes, and of course, the Great Pyramids of Giza. (telegraph.co.uk) The Great Pyramids of Giza, built between 2584 and 2561 B.C, are located twelve miles from the capital of egypt, Cairo. (ancient.eu) They were the tallest man made structures in the world for 3800 yearsRead MoreThe Most Important Resource Ever Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pages4542998015th revolution of its Sun, or as humans call it 31 BCE. The fall of the Roman Republic and the rise of imperialism in the Western World can best be marked with the great Naval victory of Octavian, later Augustus, against Marc Anthony and Cleopatra VII Philopator in the Battle of Actium. I remember it so vividly. Allow me to provide context for the battle. After Julius Caesar, greatest Roman general and leader of all time, was assass inated by the Republic in 44 BCE, a civil war broke out between

Brown v. Board Mendez v. Westminster Essay - 803 Words

Based specifically on the assigned readings on Mendez v. Westminster and Brown v. Board of Education, please respond to the following questions. Each of your answers should consist of one paragraph comprised of 5-7 sentences. It is recommended that you download the document in Word, type your responses directly into the document, and print it out. If you choose to handwrite your responses, PLEASE WRITE LEGIBLY, in black or blue ink. This handout will be graded on a scale of 1-25, with 5 possible points for each question. You will be graded on the thoughtfulness of your response and your effort to support your argument. 1) How did the majority opinion in the Supreme Court’s 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision legally shape race†¦show more content†¦3) In what ways did Charles Hamilton Houston and W.E.B. DuBois differ in their approaches to school integration? Why? [Optional: Who do you think was right and why? You may use extra lines if you would like to respond.] Houston fought for black civil rights through the legal system. He was a prominent black lawyer and believed that legal tradition inspired judicial restraint, whereas legal realism inspired judicial activism. This not only sparked a change in those that worked with Houston, but it incorporated using laws to help blacks with civil injustices wherever possible. DuBois approached school integration and civil rights issues through militant socialism. He believed that blacks needed to strengthen their own infrastructure in order to gain a better social structure. This didn’t sit well with the NAACP. I believe that Houston had a better approach to the issue of school integration because his approach was accepted by more individuals. DuBois offended more people by saying that blacks needed to create a change amongst themselves in order to be accepted more in society. 4) The Supreme Court ruled on Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents in 1950, and on Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. What would you argue were the most important distinctions between the two 1950 cases, on theShow MoreRelatedThe Orange County School System1228 Words   |  5 Pagestwentieth century, starting with the 1952 Hernandez v. Texas suit, the case started to turn gradually and unyieldingly (â€Å"A Class Apart†). That case prompted the first case contended in the United States Supreme Court by Mexican American lawyers. The sentiment additionally requested that Pete Hernandez be re-tried, due to the fact that there were no Mexican American jury members (â€Å"A Class Apart†). This case was decided two weeks before the pivotal Brown v. Board of Education school integration case and isRead MoreMendez vs Westminster3800 Words   |  16 PagesThe Trial of the First desegregated school | By Marcos Moran | Even though forgotten, the stepping stone of Brown Vs. the Board of Education, Mendez Vs. Westminster was the first step to desegregate the United States of America. | | 5/1/13 5/1/13 Marcos Moran Professor Sullivan History 301 5/1/13 We all know of the famous trial that happen on May 17, 1954, a trial that ended all segregation in school districts all over the United States of America. With this law being enforce by the 14thRead MoreThe Chicano And Black Civil Rights Movement1610 Words   |  7 PagesA significant struggle during the Chicano and Black Civil rights movement was employment, and discrimination in the workplace. First, a case pertaining to this issue during the Chicano movement was Bernal v. Fainter in the year 1984. This was a case where the Supreme Court of the United States  «Ã‚  ruled that the Equal Protection Clause prohibited the state of Texas from barring noncitizens from applying for commission as a notary public. » The result of this case came about, as the court realized,Read MoreCivil Rights971 Words   |  4 Pagesthat they deserve in the fight for civil rights because before there was a Brown vs. Board of Education there was Mendez vs. Westminster. It was a 1946 federal court cas e that challenged racial segregation in Orange County, California schools. In its ruling, the United States Court of Appeals held that the segregation of Mexican and Mexican American students into separate Mexican schools was unconstitutional. It was the Mendez case that ended segregation in California schools in 1947. And it was thatRead MoreDesegregation Of The United States1720 Words   |  7 Pagesaddition to cases regarding Black students there were also Supreme Court cases regarding racial segregation towards other races (Pulliam Van Patten, 2013). (Gong Lum v. Rice and Westminster School District v. Mendez). In 1954, U.S. Supreme Court took a significant step in the history of Civil Rights. This historic event was Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. This unanimous decision acknowledged that separate educational facilities were â€Å"inherently unequal† and violated the 14th Amendment of theRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1251 Words   |  6 Pages17, 1954 when the Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education outlawed racial segregation in public schools. Board of Education was facing lawsuits about denying equal access to education for black people. With the help of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), they gathered all the case-related evidence to present in the court including Gaines v. Missouri, Sweatt v. Painter, McLauren v. Oklahoma, and Mendez v. Westminster that was helpful to the case. Authors ofRead MoreBilingual Education Persuasive Essay991 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscrimination imposed on t hose in need of specific education services, like the Non-English speaking students. In a 1923 case, Myers v. Nebraska, justices struck down a law that barred foreign languages from being instructed in any language other than English. Three other cases would later come and set a precedent regarding bilingual learners and instruction. The first was in 1972, Serna v. Portales Municipal Schools. In this case, despite the existence of a previous law for bilingual education, districts wereRead MoreThe Civil Era Of The Zoot Suit Riots Of Los Angeles1772 Words   |  8 PagesLos Angeles. The incident got its name from the kind of attire, known as a zoot suit, worn by numerous youthful Mexican Americans of the mid 1940s. In the mid year of 1943, a question between a Mexican American and an Anglo emitted into across the board revolting. Serving or working abroad, or moving to an extensive city extended the skylines of an era of Mexican Americans. In the same way as other African Americans, they had yielded for their embraced nation, they started to need a greater amountRead MoreRacism Is A Social Problem1735 Words   |  7 Pagesthen others because of personal characteristics. There can be discrimination in the education system. For an example, Brown vs Board of Education and Mendez vs Westminster school district of Orange County. This case was about un- segregating schools that was violating our 14th Amendment. â€Å"Years before the U.S. Supreme Court ended racial segregation in U.S. schools with Brown v. Board of Education, a federal circuit court in California ruled that segregation of school children was unconstitutional—exceptRead MoreHistory Of Native Americans1353 Words   |  6 Pagesthe U.S. had Mexican’s working the farms. When African-Americans were getting lynched left and right from 1848-1928, so were the Mexicans. Mexicans even had segregated schools. 10 years prior to Brown v. Board of Education, was Mendez v. Westminster in 1946, whi ch established precedent for Brown v. Board. All things leading up to eventual progression as a result of the Chicano Movement. The journey across the border illegally is long and harsh. I talked to someone who migrated from Mexico and it

Why The Mona Lisa May Not Be A Painting Essay - 1891 Words

When it comes to art appreciation and definition one is left at odds when societal practices do not reflect theoretically sound arguments regarding the identity of a work. On one hand, paintings like the Mona Lisa are displayed with great importance in museums around the world, with thousands of visitors daily trekking to see â€Å"the† Mona Lisa, while just outside vendors are selling copies on canvas, poster and magnet of the very same image. To help in the understanding of this phenomenon, and to determine the work identity of the Mona Lisa, we shall examine the validity of arguments put forth by Frank Sibley in â€Å"Why the Mona Lisa May Not be a Painting† which draws upon several concepts of art identity put forth by Goodman and Elgin in â€Å"Interpretation and Identity: Can the Work Survive the World?†. After this examination I will briefly add on to Sibley’s arguments bringing them a step further in conclusion, but let us first begin with the esta blishing principles of work identity proposed in the two articles. When introducing the concept of text being equal to work, Goodman proposes literary pluralism; where one text produces one work with multiple valid, and allowably contradictory, interpretations. This pluralism is present only in allographic art forms that are not linked to physical objects. â€Å"Pluralism about literature seems more plausible than pluralism about reality†. He argues that literature may have interpretations that conflict, but in the physical world one cannotShow MoreRelatedMona Lisa Research Paper1416 Words   |  6 PagesWhy is the Mona Lisa One of the Most Famous Paintings in the World? The Mona Lisa has been one of the most debated paintings of all time. The look on the face of the women in this painting leaves a person’s mind wondering. No one really seems to know what this mysterious woman is thinking or feeling. The questions that cannot seem to be answered are what make this painting so famous. The reason for that is because it is raveled in mystery and secrets. All of the small details make the painting standRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci s The Last Supper And Mona Lisa1030 Words   |  5 Pagesbiography.com, the article about the writer, mathematician, inventor, and artist Leonardo da Vinci states that, â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci was a leading artist ad intellectual of the Italian Renaissance who’s known for his enduring works â€Å"The Last Supper† and â€Å"Mona Lisa† †. Leonardo da Vinci was born in Vinci, Italy on April 15, 1452. He was born out of wedlock being raised by his father Ser Piero along with his stepmothers. Leona rdo da Vinci was into the laws of science and nature, which played a major role withRead MoreThe Da Vinci Code By Dan Brown1304 Words   |  6 Pagesothers, his paintings were filled with many things that are still a mystery to this day. The book the Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown is a historically accurate portrayal of the mysterious life of Leonardo Da Vinci and one of his most famous paintings, the Mona Lisa. One of the many things that influenced Da Vinci in his art was coding. Leonardo Da Vinci’s first painting he coded in was The Annunciation under the apprentice of Andrea del Verrocchio. Towards the end of the creation of the painting, he jumpedRead MoreThe Famous Mona Lisa Was Created During The Renaissance Essay1016 Words   |  5 PagesThe famous Mona Lisa was created during the Renaissance by Leonardo da Vinci. The Renaissance began in the 14th century and ended in the 17th century. A minority of Italian thinkers decided it was time to begin a new age. It was a European period that linked between the Middle Ages and modern history. It was a revival in interests of artistic achievements and literature of the Classical world. Renaissance also means, A revival or rebirth. The Renaissance invented and created many methods that changedRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci - Il Maestro dArte Even though Leonardo Da Vinci faced many hardships, like700 Words   |  3 PagesLeonardo Da Vinci - Il Maestro dArte Even though Leonardo Da Vinci faced many hardships, like people wanting to either steal or break his painting and hurt him. This forced him to travel a lot, but he never gave up. He became one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance Time (education-portal.com ). Leonardo didn’t have the little perfect childhood. Growing up somewhere near Anchiano, near Vinci, the republic of Florence. His father was a Notary, which is basically a really important person toRead MoreThe Mona Lisa By Leonardo Da Vinci1001 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the world’s most famous paintings is the Mona Lisa. It was created by the Renaissance’s most highly praised artist, Leonardo da Vinci, in the years 1503 to 1506. Leonardo worked on this painting while he lived in Florence, Italy, and it is made using oil paints on a poplar wood panel. The painting depicts, simply, a woman in front of an expansive landscape of rocky hills, valleys, mountains, and bodies of water. It was discovered in King Francis I’s royal collection, but this is no surpriseRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci And The Renaissance Period1455 Words   |  6 PagesRenaissance period (1). Leonardo was well renowned for many other occupations such as a sculpture, architect, engineer, i nventor and scientist. However, some of his most famous and brilliant work are from his paintings. Leonardo used what he learned from nature and science to make his paintings look real. He drew and took many notes of what he observed. His notes were written backwards, probably because he didn t want people to read about his discoveries and observations. In order to read LeonardoRead MoreA Woman Of Half Body Portrait By Mona Lisa Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesParagraph-1 The painting presents a woman in half-body portrait, which has as a backdrop a distant landscape. Yet this simple description of a seemingly standard composition gives little sense of Leonardo’s achievement. The sensuous curves of the sitter’s hair and clothing, created through sfumato (use of fine shading), are echoed in the shapes of the valleys and rivers behind her. The sense of overall harmony achieved in the painting—especially apparent in the sitter’s faint smile—reflects Leonardo’sRead MoreFinal Paper1445 Words   |  6 PagesArt is one aspect of the past that has carried on for decades. Art in any form may it be poetry, novels, and playwright, sculpting as well as painting, has been an outlet for generations and continues to be an outlet and a means for expression. This paper will discuss â€Å" The Mona Lisa† one of Da Vinci’s most famous paintings, as well as another great painting, Antonio Veneziano’s â€Å" Virgin and Child†(c. 1380). Both paintings focus on the human form and exhibit many variations of styles from lines, shadingRead MoreThe Great Artists And Inventors During The 15th And 16th Century1263 Words   |  6 PagesDani Roz May 5, 2015 There have been many great artists and inventors during the 15th and 16th century, but none of them are not as great or as known as Leonardo Da Vinci. Leonardo Da Vinci’s intelligence allowed him to create and invent things that none of the other inventors could make or even think of. Da Vinci painted some of the most magnificent and priceless paintings such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Da Vinci was also an inventor; he would write down all of

Ethics in Information Technology and Relations

Question: Discuss about the Ethics in Information Technology and Relations. Answer: Introduction This particular study is mainly aimed to examine the Uber decision of the self-driving car trial in regards to the ethical context. Thus, four ethical theories such as contract theory, virtue theory, Deontological theory as well as Utilitarian theories have been considered to analyze the entire scenario. Therefore, this study is also aimed for identifying the ICT related issues based on that the ethically questionable positive or negative situation would be evaluated in terms of the regulation through the four theories. Discussion Uber is going to expand its trial of the self-driving cars, which puts this start-up giant one step closer towards the destruction of more than one million jobs if it becomes successful. According to Ubers perspective, they have near about 600000 drivers all over the world. However, the ride-sharing organization has stated that the cars without drivers would not happen but it should not be written off as the viable mode of transport (Bourke, 2017). Therefore, this decision taken by Uber has been opposed bitterly by the taxi industry incorporating in France, Germany, London as well as Australia. In addition, Uber has hailed in repetitive manner its capability for creating the flexible and new jobs in the sharing economy as the counter to the complaints made by the taxi industry. Identification of ICT-related Ethical Issue The major ICT related issues along with this particular study are social inclusion as well as the Security concern for the driver and the travelers. The Self-driving cars are also known as the autonomous cars. A self-driving car is such kind of vehicle that is able to sense its environment as well as navigate without the input provided by the human beings (Denis, 2015). These cars are able to detect the surroundings with the help of various methodologies like computer vision, odometry, GPS, Lidar as well as radar. However, these cars can face the moral dilemmas. In other words, the Autonomous vehicles or the self-driving cars may put people in the situation of life-or-death. The introduction of the self-driving cars to the mass market results expected for the reduction in the crashes by up to 90 % as well as their accessibility towards the young, elderly and disabled passengers. Apart from that, there still remain few ethical conflicts thos e have not been yet completely resolved (Engle Crowne, 2014). Those incorporate but are not limited within criminal, financial as well as moral responsibility for the crashes. On the other hand, another crucial ethical issue is there associated with the launch of self-driving car by Uber. With the launch of the self-driving cars can result in the destruction of numerous drivers of the Uber cars. However, according to the statement of the Uber drivers, they are not very worried this self-driving car trial. This is simply because of the fact that car driving the side job for many of the Uber drivers. Application of Utilitarian Theory This particular theory focuses on the positive and the negative results for selecting one action or policy over the other actions as well as policies. This theory has two major principles such as rule-utilitarianism and Act-utilitarianism. Rule-utilitarianism deals with the determination of the validation of the rules of conduct. Apart from that, Act-utilitarianism is applied directly to the each alternative act in the selecting situation. Most important fact associated with this theory is that among the other three ethical approaches, this particular theory is actively applicable in this scenario (Chiu et al., 2014). Therefore, according to this theory, an idea can be suggested that any decision taken by the automobile or the transport organizations must be made depending on the objective in terms of maximizing the utility. The issues related to the privacy mainly arise from the self-driving cars interconnectivity, making it just the other mobile d evice, which can collect any detail regarding a particular individual (Mallia, 2015). On the other hand, the potential loss in most of the jobs of the drivers for an estimated decline of accidents by up to 90 % would have a crucial influence over the individuals who are involved within it. Application of Deontological Theory This particular theory in the ethical ground plays a significant role in terms of placing a special as well as proper focus on the relation between the responsibility and the morality or the activities or duties those are governed by the human beings. However, there is major difference between the Utilitarian theory as well as Deontological Theory (Kehoe, 2015). Therefore, this prime difference is that the former system has generally focused over the fact whether an activity or operation is positive or negative intrinsically while the latter system keeps faith that the issues behind the act is the only essential factor. Thus, Utilitarianism focuses on only the outputs. On the other side, Deontology is only concerned about the intentions and the motives (Tuan Shaw, 2016). Among the other three ethical approaches, this particular theory is actively applicable in this scenario. According to this particular theory, it can also be suggested that an au tonomous car or the self-driving car has to follow the proper as well as strict written-out rules and regulations, which requires following in any kind of situation. Application of Virtue Theory This particular theory in the ethical ground plays a crucial role in terms of emphasizing the character of an individual as the major factor for the ethical point of view rather than the rules regarding the acts (Sosa, 2015). On the other hand, in comparison to the above two ethical approaches, this particular theory is not that much applicable in this scenario as the proportion of the positive virtue or the positive implications of the autonomous or the self-driving cars is not that much noticeable. Application of Contract Theory this particular theory is that specific study that entails the way through which the individuals and the businesses construct and develop the legal agreements in the ethical grounds. In this regard, it would become very easier with the help of this theory to analyze the approach with that several parties can take decisions to create a deal with particular terms in case uncertain conditions take place (Russell, 2014). On the other hand, this theory is useful to cover how the individuals as well as businesses make deals with the asymmetric information. However, in comparison to the above two ethical approaches (Utilitarian and Deontological theory), this particular theory is not that much applicable in this scenario as it is little difficult for Uber in terms of making legal agreements for starting self-driving cars as it is comprised several completions. In contradiction, it would be possible to construct legal agreements as the uber drivers are not wor ried about losing their jobs. Conclusion This study has performed successfully a deepened analysis regarding ethical conflicts of the Uber trial of the self-driving cars. From this study it can be seen that Utilitarian and Deontological theory is well-applicable in the given scenario. Therefore, these theories have helped for reaching a conclusion of this study. As per the conclusion, it can be stated that the self-driving cars should not be implemented massive as it can result in the occurrence of several negative implications from the privacy and the professional perspectives. References Bourke, L. (2017).Uber expands its self-driving cars but drivers say they aren't worried about being put out of a job.The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 January 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/technology/innovation/uber-expands-its-selfdriving-cars-but-drivers-say-they-arent-worried-about-being-put-out-of-a-job-20161213-gtaiuh.html Chiu, C. M., Wang, E. T., Fang, Y. H., Huang, H. Y. (2014). Understanding customers' repeat purchase intentions in B2C e?commerce: the roles of utilitarian value, hedonic value and perceived risk.Information Systems Journal,24(1), 85-114. Denis, J. S. (2015). Contact Theory in a Small-Town Settler-Colonial Context The Reproduction of Laissez-Faire Racism in Indigenous-White Canadian Relations.American Sociological Review,80(1), 218-242. Engle, R. L., Crowne, K. A. (2014). The impact of international experience on cultural intelligence: an application of contact theory in a structured short-term programme.Human Resource Development International,17(1), 30-46. Kehoe, W. J. (2015). Marketing Ethics: Theory and Pedagogy. InProceedings of the 1982 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 261-264). Springer International Publishing. Mallia, P. (2015). Towards an ethical theory in disaster situations.Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy,18(1), 3-11. Russell, D. C. (2014). Aristotelian virtue theory.Revue Internationale de Philosophie,267(1), 37-63. Sosa, D. (2015). 6 The Vice of Virtue Theory.Moral and Intellectual Virtues in Western and Chinese Philosophy: The Turn Toward Virtue, 77. Tuan, N. T., Shaw, C. (2016). Consideration of ethics in systemic thinking.Systemic Practice and Action Research,29(1), 51-60.

Contemporary Issues and Economic Activity

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Issues and Economic Activity. Answer: Introduction This essay focuses on inflation in Australia and various government measures by the government of Australia. Inflation in a country plays crucial role in determining the aggregate level of demand for goods and services by changing price level of goods and services over a period of time. Maintaining an adequate inflation rate is necessary from the perspective of economic growth of the country in the long run. Inflation can be measured by the consumer price index and the whole sale price index (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). Many economic, non-economic and international factors affect the rate of inflation. Controlling the inflation level in an economy requires time and combined efforts of the concerned authorities. Generally, the monetary measures are implemented by the central bank of the country while the government is responsible for implementing the fiscal policy measures. However, for effective results in controlling inflation in the country, it is necessary that both go vernment and the central bank of the country work in harmony to achieve their common goals. The following essay discusses the scenario of inflation in Australia for the last five years from 2011 to 2015. It seeks to outline the country specific factors that led to fluctuations in the inflation rate of the country. Furthermore this essay also focuses on how the inflation impact on the Australias growth and the living standard of households. Further, the essay discusses different policy measures adopted by the Federal Government of Australia and the Reserve Bank of Australia in addressing this economic phenomenon. The essay also talks about these policy measures by categorizing then into two broad categories of demand side policy and supply side policy. Finally, this discussion tells about the inflation and better government policy that helps the economy to boost the efficiency of business operation and control the inflation. Inflation Scenario in Australia Inflation is a common economic phenomenon experienced by all the economies of the world. It refers to rise in price of goods and services in a particular period of time and is calculated on the basis of consumer price index and whole sale price index (Hubbard, et al., 2014). Consumer price index measures the changes in price of goods and services that present proportion of spending by households (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). A rise in inflation results into decrease in purchasing power of the consumers. This is because a rise in inflation leads to increase in general price level of goods and services in the economy and decrease in value of money. Hence, consumers are able to purchase less for every dollar they spend. Australian economy is the mixed market economy and fifth largest economy in the in the world, according to the World Bank survey. Currently, the RBA targets the inflation rate in the range of 2 to 3% in order to maintain an adequate aggregate demand in the economy. Inflation increased due to many reasons such as supply of money, national debt, demand pull effect and exchange rate of currency. Inflation between 2% to 3% is a positive aspect which persuade consumer to spent more money for goods and borrow money. Furthermore, Inflation is an economic statistics that point out the stability of the countrys economic position. It is measured as the changes in consumer price index over a period of time. Australias inflation rate is 1% in 2016, which is a sign of healthy economic condition. Inflation is calculated using the consumer price index, which shows the changes in the consumer goods and other items. Australian Bureau of Statistics reported that the Australian core inflation rate increased in March 2016 as 1.67%. On the other hand, many factors affect the Australian inflation rate such as cost inflation, aggregate demand, higher interest rate, and heavy government tax (Inflationdata.com, 2016). Inflation has major impact on the countrys economy, the impact of inflation includes Economic growth and uncertainty, Wages rate, Income distribution, Unemployment, interest rate and international competitiveness for a country. The inflation rate witnessed by the Australian economy in the last five years is as follows: Fig. 1 Inflation over five years in Australia As shown in above chart, the inflation rate in 2011 was highest as compare to other years. Current base year for Australia is taken as 2011-2012 (Index points= 100). In contrast to this, higher rate of inflation increases the cost of goods and also affect the competitive edge in global market (Statista, 2016). Higher fluctuations in currency of country can impact the economic growth. As compared to other years, inflation rate in the year 2015 was the lowest. Australias consumer price index rose to 1.7% in last quarter of 2015. In this time the price of goods increased faster but the cost of transport decreases it slowdown the cost of housing. In starting of year 2014 that inflation rate was high furthermore it decreases over the year ending. Australias economy is mainly based on the mining and service sector (Finch, 2012). Wages is one of the important factors that affect the price of goods and services. In 2013 and 2014 higher wages paid to the workers it accelerates the inflation b y more purchasing power of consumers (Inflationdata.com, 2016). The oil price and energy prices was very high during the year 2012 and 2013 because of the international conflicts it directly affect the pressure on cost it leads to the inflation. In 2013 when the mining industry of Australia was on the boom then it affected the Australian economy as to appreciation in Australian dollar, industries exposed to trade such as manufacturing and agriculture. At this time the unemployment rate was very low and the oil prices was high it triggered the inflation as the upward movement by 2.48%. Boom in mining industries boosted the purchasing power of households and led to increase the volume of output in Australian economy. In 2009-2011 higher interest was paid in return to the bank loan, it increased the production cost for firms. Rise in government tax also pressured the cost of inflation in Australia. Inflation rate was highest in 2011 as compare to the following years, it was 3.33% (Morr is, 2014). At the same time the inflation rate arose due to the natural disaster in Australia, farms had damaged and the cost for farmers to growing also increased for the vegetables and fruits. High inflation rate affects the nations economic performance and decreases the living standard of people. Recently in 2016 the inflation rate is measured as 1%. Reserve bank of Australia measured the inflation rate between 2% to 3%, because it is the good position to maintain the economy and for cuts the interest rates (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2016). Consumer price index has fallen by 0.2% due to decrease in the price of petrol. The petrol price is an historic fallen in last seven years in quarter march 2016 (The Guardian, 2016). Lower inflation rate positively impact on the overall economic condition which helps in increasing the operation of business at national or international level both. Government Policies on Inflation Inflation is an economic problem that leads to creation of negative impact on many economic outcomes like economic growth, global competitiveness and income inequality. In addition to this, higher the level of inflation, greater is its consequences. Therefore, the major objective of economic policy of a country is to maintain a low level of inflation that leads to creation of benefits in the long run. Government of Australia in partnership with Reserve Bank employs monetary and fiscal policy for maintaining a sustainable level of inflation (between 2 and 3%) in country. These policies can be categorized into demand-side policies and supply-side policies thereby indicating the underlying causes of inflation i.e. demand or supply. Demand-side policies Demand-side policies are used to control demand inflation. These policies effectively try to reduce excess aggregate demand so that there will no longer be shortage of goods and services. Monetary Policy The primary responsibility of formulation and implementation of monetary policy is in the hands of Reserve Bank of Australia. Monetary policy is considered as most important tool for maintaining lower level of inflation in the country. It is effectively defined as process used by monetary authority of country for controlling the money supply. In addition to this, monetary policy is effectively helpful in maintaining long-term growth in the economy (RBA, 2016). The main objectives of monetary policy of Australia include maintaining of stability of currency, full employment level and economic prosperity and welfare of the people of Australia. Moreover, prior to deregulation of monetary policy, the Reserve Bank of Australia effectively worked through direct control on financial institutions and financial market operations. It imposed control on reserve requirements, interest rate charged by banks and other balance sheet restrictions. However, as per present deregulated financial market in Australia, monetary policy effectively works through maintaining bank rate in a way to control the level of inflation in the country. Role of Monetary Policy in controlling Inflation Monetary policy is effectively helpful in controlling inflation level which preserves the value of money and promotes strong and sustainable growth in Australian economy. Furthermore, monetary policy is maintained through various actions which involve increasing the interest rate and changing the amount of money that bank is required to keep in its bank reserve. Therefore, higher interest rate increases the cost of borrowing which decreases spending. This further leads to lower level of inflation in the country. Increased interest rate also makes it attractive for the people of country to save money (Hubbard, et al., 2014). Additionally, increase in interest rate affects the cash flow, supply of credit and exchange rate which in turn affects the aggregate demand in the country. Furthermore, increase in interest rate leads to different impact on both debtor and creditor households (RBA, 2016). It leads to decrease in cash flow for debtors and increase in cash flow for creditors. Debto r households are more affected by change in cash flow due to change in interest rates. This leads to reduction in their total household spending, which effectively helps to reduce the level of inflation. Cash rate has a powerful influence on interest rate to be charged by bank. Cash rate is the Australian base rate. It is the rate charged by the central bank on providing overnight loans to commercial bank as, a large volume of withdrawals and deposits are incurred in the banks every day on a regular basis. This leads to situation of surplus or shortage of funds in the bank. Therefore, if there is shortage of fund in bank then it increases the demand of overnight funds (RBA, 2016). An increase or decrease in the cash rate leads to greater impact on interest rate to be charged by bank on mortgage, savings and loans. Therefore, official cash rate of RBA is used as benchmark by commercial banks for the interest rate that they use to charge their borrowers. For controlling the level of inflation in country, RBA makes decision to raise the cash rate which in turn affects the interest rate to be charged by commercial bank on borrowers. This leads to decrease in demand and a reduction in level of inflation in the country. In addition to this, RBA (Reserve Bank of Australia) uses its open market operations for maintaining cash rate as per target (1.5% as per 7September, 2016) set by board for effectively controlling the supply of funds that are available to commercial banks in money market. The cash rate is determined in money market by effectively identifying the relation between supply and demand of overnight funds required by commercial banks. Currently, the cash rate set by RBA to achieve its inflation target is 1.50% (RBA, 2016). Such low level of cash rate points towards the fact that the current monetary policy of RBA focuses on expansionary measures that lead to increase in aggregate consumer demand. This will further help the RBA to achieve its inflation target of 2-3%. Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy can be considered as another economic tool that can be effectively used by Government of Australia for controlling the level of inflation in the country. This policy involves change in government spending and level of taxation by government. The changes in fiscal policy effectively influence the aggregate demand and level of economic activities in country (Enright and Petty, 2016). It is also helpful in stabilizing the fluctuations and maintaining effective level of growth in the economy. Role of fiscal policy in controlling inflation Fiscal policy plays an important role in effectively controlling inflation in country. Adjustments in the expenditure and revenue level of government through its spending and taxation changes leads to budget surplus or deficit. An effective fiscal policy leads to an improvement in government budget deficit by increasing the level of taxation. Fiscal policy in Australia effectively focuses on keeping the debt low and retaining the level of flexibility, for protecting the country from negative impact of inflation (Blanchard and Sheen, 2013). For reducing aggregate demand in the country, fiscal policy involves reduction in government spending and increase in the level of taxation. Increase in direct taxation by government for controlling inflation leads to reduction in disposable income of the individuals in country (McTaggart, et al., 2012). Therefore, decrease in aggregate demand leads to decrease in level of inflation in Australian economy. Supply side policies Supply side policies are government policies which help to increase the productivity and level of efficiency in the economy. These policies are helpful in controlling cost inflation that is caused by increase in production costs. Supply side policies include: Reducing tariff protection that helps to cut production costs High tariff rates leads to inefficiency in business and also reduces the level of competition from imports. Therefore, by adopting the policy of free trade and reducing the general tariff rate, the government helps manufacturing firms to reduce their production costs. Lower tariff helps firm to promote structural changes and also improves efficiency. Moreover, due to reduced tariff, the cost of importing business equipments and material also becomes cheaper that leads to lower cost of production for various manufacturing firms (Sloman, et al., 2013). Therefore, reduced production cost through reduced tariffs helps to decrease cost inflation in Australia. Reducing the rate of company taxes that helps to lower production cost Taxes are defined as production costs for business, which leads to charge more by the firm for their production. Therefore, higher level of company taxes leads to greater level of cost inflation in the country. For cutting the higher tax rates, Australian government introduced tax reforms for controlling the rate of company tax. In this regard, it was also proposed to reduce the tax rate to 28.5% from July, 2015 which will encourage companies to increase their incomes by expanding their operations. In addition to this, low tax rate leads to effective after tax profit generation for the firms, which leads to selling of goods and services at lower prices (Anderson, 2012). Finally, it leads to lowering the rate of inflation in the country and also helps local firms to be more competitive and effective globally. National Infrastructure Projects helps in reducing production cost National Infrastructure projects includes construction of roads, railways, port facilities, power and water grids and communication system that are effectively helpful for business in producing other goods and services. Therefore, the Australian Federal Government introduced new infrastructure projects like rail links, national highways and National Broadband Network (NBN). Improved rail and road transport structure plays an effective role in bringing efficiency, reducing travelling time in providing raw material to manufacturers and finish goods to wholesalers/ retailers that will effectively help to reduce production cost for the firms. Additionally, NBN helps to improve and maintain the speed of telecommunications that effectively helps to reduces cost. Ultimately, the reduced cost helps to promote low inflation environment in Australia as it further helps in reducing the cost of inputs that goes into production of different goods and services. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that inflation affects the economy of Australia. The inflation rate in Australia has been fluctuation. However, since last two years, the economy is facing low levels of inflation that is lower than its benchmark range of 2-3%. It is also concluded that in year 2011 the inflation rate was 3.33%, which is very high as compared to other years. It is assessed that there are many reasons that impacted on the inflation rate in 2011 such as flood in Australia that damaged the crops of farmers. Due to this, the price of vegetables and fruits had increased. In 2013 and 2014, the inflation rate was moderate reason being the boom in mining industry of Australia that increases the purchasing power of households. At the same time it is also concluded that the Reserve Bank of Australia has adopted certain monetary and fiscal policy measures to increase the inflation rate to required levels. In this context, it was assessed that the government has adop ted expansionary monetary policy by reducing the cash rate to 1.50% to increase the supply of money in the economy. Additionally, its fiscal policy measures include reducing in tax rates, corporate tax rates and tariff rates and increase in government expenditure to promote economic activity in the economy. References Anderson, K. (2012) Australia's Economy in Its International Context. Australia: University of Adelaide Press. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2016) Consumer price index, Australia. [Online]. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6401.0 (Accessed: 19 September, 2016) Blanchard, O., and Sheen, J. (2013) Macroeconomics. Australia: Pearson Higher Education. Enright, M., and Petty, R. 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